Francesco di Giorgio Martini
Francesco di Giorgio Martini (1439–1501) was an Italian architect, engineer, painter, sculptor, and writer. As a painter, he belonged to the
Sienese School. He was considered a visionary architectural theorist—in
Nikolaus Pevsner's terms: "one of the most interesting
later Quattrocento architects". As a military engineer, he executed architectural designs and sculptural projects and built almost seventy fortifications for the
Federico da Montefeltro, Count (later Duke) of Urbino, building city walls and early examples of
star-shaped fortifications.
Born in
Siena, he apprenticed as a painter with
Vecchietta. In panels painted for ''
cassoni'' he departed from the traditional representations of joyful wedding processions in frieze-like formulas to express visions of ideal, symmetrical, vast and all but empty urban spaces rendered in
perspective.
He composed an architectural treatise [https://books.google.com/books?id=I4U4IUI2UBEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=francesco+di+giorgio+martini&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ILzDUPOsNO-WyAGnzoHQAw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=francesco%20di%20giorgio%20martini&f=false ''Trattato di architettura, ingegneria e arte militare''], the third of the Quattrocento, after
Leone Battista Alberti's and
Filarete's; he worked on it for decades and finished sometime after 1482; it circulated in manuscript. The projects were well in advance of completed projects at the time, but innovations, for example in staircase planning, running in flights and landings round an open center, or dividing at a landing to return symmetrically on each wall, became part of architectural vocabulary in the following century. The third book is preoccupied with the "ideal" city, constrained within star-shaped polygonal geometries reminiscent of the
star fort, whose wedge-shaped
bastions are said to have been his innovation.
Francesco di Giorgio finished his career as architect in charge of the works at the
Duomo di Siena, where his bronze angels are on the high altar and some marble floor mosaics are attributed to his designs. The design of the church of
San Sebastiano in Vallepiatta in Siena is also attributed to him.
Di Giorgio's painting of the "Madonna and Child with 2 Angels" is found at the
Lowe Art Museum in
Coral Gables, Florida.